The History of Microsoft Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems for personal computers. In this article we look at the history of Microsoft operating systems from 1985 to present day. Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on more than 90 percent of all personal computers – the remainder running Linux and Mac operating systems. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. Microsoft Operating Systems for Personal Computers The following details the history of Microsoft operating systems designed for personal computers (PCs). Key definitions to know: operating system, computer, Microsoft, Microsoft Windows. MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system) Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have become increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating systems. Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992) Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing boxes, or "windows" that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, windows 1.0 allowed users to point and click to access the windows. In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for the Intel 286 processor. This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics support. Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994) Microsoft released Windows 3.0 in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This version is the first release that provides the standard "look and feel" of Microsoft Windows for many years to come. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager, File Manager and Print Manager and games (Hearts, Minesweeper and Solitaire). Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 1992. Windows 95 (August 1995) A major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system released in 1995. Windows 95 represents a significant advance over its precursor, Windows 3.1. In addition to sporting a new user interface, Windows 95 also includes a number of important internal improvements. Perhaps most important, it supports 32-bit applications, which means that applications written specifically for this operating system should run much faster. Although Windows 95 can run older Windows and DOS applications, it has essentially removed DOS as the underlying platform. This has meant removal of many of the old DOS limitations, such as 640K of main memory and 8-character filenames. Other important features in this operating system are the ability to automatically detect and configure installed hardware (plug and play). Windows 98 (June 1998) Windows 98 offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and ACPI. Its most visible feature, though, is the Active Desktop, which integrates the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with the operating system. From the user's point of view, there is no difference between accessing a document residing locally on the user's hard disk or on a Web server halfway around the world. Windows ME - Millennium Edition (September 2000) The Windows Millennium Edition, called "Windows Me" was an update to the Windows 98 core and included some features of the Windows 2000 operating system. This version also removed the "boot in DOS" option. Windows NT 31. - 4.0 (1993-1996) A version of the Windows operating system. Windows NT (New Technology) is a 32-bit operating system that supports preemptive multitasking. There are actually two versions of Windows NT: Windows NT Server, designed to act as a server in networks, and Windows NT Workstation for stand-alone or client workstations. Windows 2000 (February 2000) Often abbreviated as "W2K," Windows 2000 is an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems to run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network resources. Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000: Professional (for business desktop and laptop systems), Server (both a Web server and an office server), Advanced Server (for line-of-business applications) and Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks). Windows XP (October 2001) Windows XP was first introduced in 2001. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system is built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than previous versions of Windows. Windows XP comes in two versions, Home and Professional. Microsoft focused on mobility for both editions, including plug and play features for connecting to wireless networks. The operating system also utilizes the 802.11x wireless security standard. Windows XP is one of Microsoft's best-selling products. Windows Vista (November 2006) Windows Vista offered an advancement in reliability, security, ease of deployment, performance and manageability over Windows XP. New in this version was capabilities to detect hardware problems before they occur, security features to protect against the latest generation of threats, faster start-up time and low power consumption of the new sleep state. In many cases, Windows Vista is noticeably more responsive than Windows XP on identical hardware. Windows Vista simplifies and centralizes desktop configuration management, reducing the cost of keeping systems updated. Windows 7 (October, 2009) Windows 7 made its official debut to the public on October 22, 2009 as the latest in the 25-year-old line of Microsoft Windows operating systems and as the successor to Windows Vista (which itself had followed Windows XP). Windows 7 was released in conjunction with Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7's server counterpart. Enhancements and new features in Windows 7 include multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8, improved performance and start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero Shake, support for virtual hard disks, a new and improved Windows Media Center, and improved security. Windows 8 (Codename, Expected Release 2012) Windows 8 is a completely redesigned operating system that's been developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes. Windows 8 will replace the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look and feel with a new "Metro" design system interface that first debuted in the Windows Phone 7 mobile operating system. The Metro user interface primarily consists of a "Start screen" made up of "Live Tiles," which are links to applications and features that are dynamic and update in real time. Windows 8 supports both x86 PCs and ARM processors. Online media sites indicate that this version will be available in 2012, with October and Fall being the most often quoted time frame. Microsoft Operating Systems for Servers and Mobile Devices Aside from operating systems designed for use on personal computers (PCs) and laptops, Microsoft has also developed operating systems for services, handheld devices, and mobile phones. Key definitions to know: server, mobile operating system, handheld device, Microsoft. Windows Server (March 2003) Windows Server is a series of Microsoft server operating systems. Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop operating system counterparts and are designed to more efficiently handle corporate networking, Internet/intranet hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and similar functions. The Windows Server name made its debut with the release of Windows Server 2003 and continues with the current release, Windows Server 2008 R2, which shares its codebase with Windows 7. Windows Server 2008 R2 debuted in October 2009. Windows Home Server ( January 2007) Announced in January 2007, Windows Home Server (WHS) is a "consumer server" designed to use with multiple computers connected in the home. Home Server allows you to share files such as digital photos and media files, and also allows you to automatically backup your home networked computers. Through Windows Media Connect, Windows Home Server lets you share any media located on your WHS with compatible devices. Windows CE (November 2006) A version of the Windows operating system designed for small devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) (or Handheld PCs in the Microsoft vernacular). The Windows CE graphical user interface (GUI) is very similar to Windows 95 so devices running Windows CE should be easy to operate for anyone familiar with Windows 95. Windows Mobile (April 2000) A mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile devices from Microsoft based on the Windows CE kernel and designed to look and operate similar to desktop versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Mobile has largely been supplanted by Windows Phone 7, although Microsoft did release, in 2011, Windows Embedded Handheld 6.5, a mobile OS compatible with Windows Mobile 6.5 that's designed for enterprise mobile and handheld computing devices. Windows Phone (November 2010) A mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile devices that serves as the successor to Microsoft's initial mobile OS platform system, Windows Mobile. Unlike Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7 (also referred to as WinPhone7) is targeted more to the consumer market than the enterprise market, and it replaces the more traditional Microsoft Windows OS look and feel with a new "Metro" design system user interface. Windows Phone 7 features a multi-tab Internet Explorer Mobile Web browser that uses a rendering engine based on Internet Explorer 9 as well Microsoft Office Mobile, a version of Microsoft Office that’s tailored for mobile devices. by zak catalonais

Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in 2012

pharma industry is very important in the world.These companies are not only for revenue generating purpose but also serving the humanity . Most of the companies spend their largest profit on R&D.They invent different molecules and chemical for the relief of diseases. These industries are not easy to regulate because they must follow the regulations of FDA.Most of these companies are established in 19th century,now these companies are protecting the world from different dangerous diseases by making cure of these diseases .They play important role in public health.The main emphasis of these companies is to produce new drug and development.These companies have to face many legal issues for the production of medicine.These medicines must be approved from FDA.Now we are presenting you the Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in 2012. You will surely happy to know about these Pharmaceutical Companies . 10. Bristol-Myers This Pharmaceutical Company is working to improve the health of their valuable patients .They are reducing disparities . Their mission is not to only to discover but also develop medicine that help the patient prevail over serious diseases.In 2002 they present 13 medicine in the market to treat different diseases.In 2011 14 new compounds also entered . 9. Eli-Lilly This company discovered and developed high quality innovation medicines .More than 7000 employes are working in the Lilly for the R&D of medicine.This section is located in USA.More than 135 years of Lilly excellence, they are improving the public health. Lilly was found in 1876 and now is a world largest Pharmaceutical Company. 8. Abbott laboratories Abbott is working in 130 countries and about 70000 employees are working in this Pharmaceutical Company.Abbott believes that corporation social responsibilities is the fundamental to earning and depending the trust of the people. It serves, an integral part of the people.Abbott is not only working in pharma but also Abbott nutrition ,diagnostic and diabetes care is also working. 7. Johnson and Johnson Johnson and Johnson Celebrating 125 years of working . They starts their business in 1886.it has located more then 57 countries of the the world, its main aims are Consumer health care ,medical devices,medical diagnostic. They are part of the global health.There are many aspect to consider under the idea of global health.This is leading health company in the world in the research and development of the medicine.In addition they look beyond the business for the opportunities. 6. AstraZenca This is global innovation driven integrated bio pharma company.They discover and manufacture huge quantity of medicine every year.They hire about 57000 employees in different areas of the world.New medicine are needed more than ever so they are working in producing new molecule .They are dedicated to research ,development , manufacturing and marketing of medicine. 5. GlaxoSmithKline Gsk has a chilling and inspiring mission to improve the health quality of human.This is science led global health care company in the world.they are serving more then 100 countries of the world. This company spends more money on the research and development of medicine. Its head office is in UK, USA. and Spain.Their scientist work hard to discover new ways of treating and preventing disease. Their object is to develop the new medicine and vaccine against dangerous diseases. 4. Sanofi Sanofi committed to raising standards of health care in all over the world.They believe on care.This is most rising pharma industry of the world and going fast in development of medicine.They spend more money on there development and research of medicine.This is in more than 100 countries with 11000 scientists.Its head office is in France. Sanofi is focusing on 7 major therapeutic areas.Main object is to provide patient satisfaction. 3. Merck Pharma Merck and co industry is one of the largest pharmaceutical company in the world,Merck headquarter is in the New Jersey. This company was established in 1891. It is currently one of the largest company by market capitalization and revenue. Merck also publishes medical books and references books,Merck chemical is also a loyal brand in the world.In 2011 this company received award .Revenue of this company is $billions and operation income is $7.3billion.Total employee in this company are 86000. 2. Novartis Pharma Novartis operate in total 140 countries .The Headquarter is in the Switzerland. Novartis was created in 1996.They strive to provide our associate with the safest possible workplace and to promote their health, Novartis is first company to receive accredit-ion from the European foundation for management development. Novartis plays an important role in biological research and bio medical research. Approximately 6000 scientists and physician around the world working in this Pharmaceutical Company. 1. Pfizer Pharma This company was arrived in this business in 1849. Pfizer is the world largest pharma industry based on research and development.The company develops, discovers ,manufactures and delivers quality safe and effective medicine to the public.About in 90 countries it is working and about 90000 employee it has.Pfizer mission is to apply science and our global resources to improve public health.The company is committed to advance wellness,prevention and treatment .

Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012

Life of a celebrity is full of advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is that you are rich and you afford everything you want but the main disadvantage is that you have no privacy. People are always interested about your life and they want to know everything about you. In order to do so they search everywhere and follow celebrities but the easiest way to get informed about somebody is to search on the internet .For example millions of people search on the web for some celebrities. In this top you will see the most searched celebrities on internet in 2012: 10. Brad Pitt brad pitt Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Brad Pitt is well known for his roles in big movies like Snatch, Troy and The curious case of Benjamin Button. On average in every month 2.74 millions of people search him on the web. Because of his acting skills Brad will not be forgotten in movie industry and almost everyone knows him for his job. 2.74 millions of people are the number of the population in a big city, and this means Brad is very important for his fans. 9. Kristen Stewart kristen stewart Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Every month Kristen Stewart is searched on the web for 4.09 million times. She is a very controversial actress because she acted in Twilight Saga, a movie that doesn`t bring a good name for the actors. The movie is not so good and actors can not play well to get their skills emphasized. Maybe the fight she had with Robert Pattinson increased the number of monthly searches for Kristen Stewart. She has many fans but a lot of people tell that she can not act, and this statement is false because you can not evaluate an actress` skills if she didn`t play in some good movies. 8. Angelina Jolie angelina jolie Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 5 million people search every month for the beautiful actress Angelina Jolie. Angelina Jolie played in a lot of movies that highlighted her beauty and her acting skills like Mr. and Ms. Smith, Lara Croft and Salt. She attracted a lot of attention from people by adopting numerous children from poor countries. The reasons why she is searched for 5 million times every month is her beauty and her kindness, you can not be a mean person and adopt children from poor countries and give them the chance to a better life. One of the most certain things about Angelina is that she has a lot of attention from people. 7. Madonna madonna Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Madonna is recognized as being extremely good looking and beautiful for her age. Maybe this is the reason why there are 11 million searches monthly for her. 11 million searches is very much, but because of her great tribute to music and many concerts she has got a lot of public attention. Another reason she has so many monthly searches might be the people who want to download her music or check her concerts schedule. When you are a worldwide known singer people are interested to know things about you, especially when you will launch a new album. Because she sings for many years and she is very beautiful, she is searched for 11 million times every month. 6. Eminem eminem Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Eminem was named as the best rapper in the world, and maybe this is why he has 11.2 million of searches every month. Many people are interested to know his story, how he developed and made incredibly good music in a very dangerous environment for him. He had to work, take care of his mother and sister and to write lyrics. This man is incredible and a lot of people search on the web for his music, story, new album releasing, movies or upcoming concerts. Response of the public at his music is very positive, and many people look today even for the movie about his life. 5. Michael Jackson michael jackson Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 People search monthly 13.6 million times on the web for Michael Jackson. Crowned as the king of pop culture Michael`s song are listened even after his death. His original and attractive music truly makes Michael the king of pop but there are many roomers about his death or his life and people search to check if they are true or false. I am very sure that people are still looking for his discography and this is one of the main reasons Michael is searched 13.6 million times on the internet. Even though he died some time ago people respect him and wish him to rest in peace! 4. Barack Obama barack obama Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 United Sates of America represent a very big country and its president is searched 15.43 million times on the internet every month. This number is very big but it doesn`t mean all the searches come from people who live in the USA. Barack Obama achieved a thing that seemed absolutely impossible 300 years ago: he is the first afro american president of USA. This thing sounds unbelievable but he achieved it and many people are interested in his story and the way he earned his function. I am sure that a major percentage of 15.43 million searches comes from people who live in USA because every citizen is interested about his president. 3. Lady Gaga lady gaga Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Lady Gaga is a well known singer with a very different style which brought her 16.6 million searches every month. She also has a huge number of listeners who are interested about her and her story. At the beginning she was a songwriter for other artists and after she discovered her talent she launched an album which was accepted by the public. 2. Selena Gomez selena gomez Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Selena Gomez is one of the biggest stars from Disney Channel and 20.4 million searches are made for her every month. Many kids are attracted by her style and wish to buy her albums or to see her movies. She is well known for her many songs and the role Alex Russo. 1. Justin Bieber justin bieber 300x300 Top 10 Most Searched Celebrities on Internet 2012 Justin Bieber is the most searched celebrity on the internet, his global search volume counts monthly 30.4 million searches. People are frequently interested by the way he started his career: he posted videos on YouTube which were spotted by his manager and he set Justin a meeting with Usher. After that Justin launched some hits that conquered the public. by fobes

Best of Top Ranking Engineering Colleges in USA

Best of Top Ranking Engineering Colleges in USA TOP colleges in the USThis is the list of the best Engineering Colleges in North America. Amongst these colleges and universities are the reverred schools such as the MIT, Stanford, Carnegie Mellon. The order in which the colleges are listed on the site are quite representative of their rankings. However, the order should not be strictly construed to be rankings assigned to these schools. The order may vary from that listed by other ranking services. Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN intellectual powerhouse, MIT is well known for its research prowess. Graduate Programs offered at MIT include a range of Engineering programs like Aeronautics and Astronautics, Biological Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computation for Design and Optimization, Computational and Systems Biology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Engineering Systems, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Leaders for Manufacturing Program (Engineering/Management), Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering, Polymer Science and Technology, System Design and Management. Stanford University Located in Palo Alto, California Stanford is a peer school of MIT. Stanford is not only known for its research capabilities, but also for its close ties with the industry (bay area – Silicon Valley). Stanford enjoys about 360 days of sunshine – great weather. The School of Engineering is home to nine departments - Aeronautics and Astronautics, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Management Science and Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering & Mechanical Engineering. In addition to Stanford Engineering departmental programs, several engineering-related interdisciplinary programs are available. University of California, Berkeley A neighbor of Stanford, UCB produces several top researchers and scientists. The late UC Berkeley Physics Professor Robert J. Oppenheimer successfully conducted the detonation of the first atom bomb during World War II. Berkeley Engineering offers programs in Applied Science & Technology, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, Industrial Engineering & Operations Research, Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Nuclear Engineering. Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) Located in Atlanta, Georgia, GA Tech or simply Tech is one of the best core engineering schools. Georgia Tech is currently classified by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a university with very high research activity. Georgia Institute of Technology's Engineering graduate programs include Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Engineering Science & Mechanics, Environmental Engineering, Health Systems, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Program, International Logistics (Executive Masters), Operations Research, Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Physics, Nuclear & Radiological Engineering and Polymer, Textile & Fiber Engineering. University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, or simply Illinois) is a public research university in the state of Illinois. The presence of a steam engine on the University's seal indicates the importance of the engineering program in the University. Engineering at Illinois consistently ranks amongst the top five such engineering colleges in the United States by the U.S. News and World Report. The College of Engineering at Illinois offers Graduate Programs in Engineering divided within 12 specialized departments. The departments include Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering and Physics. California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private research university located in Pasadena, California. The Institute maintains a strong emphasis on engineering, and manages NASA's neighboring Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Caltech is ranked in the top ten universities worldwide by metrics such as citation index, Nobel Prizes, and general university rankings. The Division of Engineering and Applied Science at Caltech offers programs in Aeronautics (GALCIT), Applied & Computational Mathematics, Applied Mechanics, Applied Physics, Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, Computation & Neural Systems, Computer Science, Control & Dynamical Systems, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Science & Engineering, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU or simply Carnegie Mellon) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Known for its academic rigor, CMU spent a whopping $315 million on research in the fiscal year 2006. The primary recipients of this funding were the School of Computer Science, the Software Engineering Institute, the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Mellon College of Science. The Carnegie Institute of Technology (College of Engineering) offers master's and doctor's degrees in Biomechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Information Networking, Materials Science Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. University of Southern California (Viterbi) The Viterbi School of Engineering (formerly the USC School of Engineering) is located at the University of Southern California. It was renamed following a $52 million donation by Andrew Viterbi. With over $135 million in external funding support, the school is among the nation's highest in volume of research activity. The Viterbi School of Engineering is currently ranked No. 7 nationally by U.S. News and World Report. The USC Viterbi School of Engineering offers over 60 different graduate degree options across Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Astronautics & Space Technology, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Computer science and Materials Science. The University also offers Special Masters Degree Programs in Biomedical Engineering, Medical Device & Diagnostic Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Product Development Engineering and System Safety & Security. Cornell University Cornell is a private university located in Ithaca, New York. Cornell's College of Engineering is very highly regarded in the engineering community, and has been ranked as being one of the top engineering programs in the nation by several rankings. The engineering physics program at Cornell was ranked #1 by U.S. News and World Report in 2008. At Cornell University's College of Engineering, there are seventeen engineering-related graduate fields namely Aerospace Engineering, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Applied Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Geological Sciences, Information Science, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Operations Research, Statistics and Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university located in the state of Michigan. Since its founding, the College of Engineering established some of the earliest programs in various fields. Biomedical engineering is one of the newest programs established at the College of Engineering. University of Michigan’s College of Engineering offers Masters, Doctoral and interdisciplinary programs in Aerospace Engineering, Atmospheric, Oceanic & Space Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Industrial & Operations Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Financial Engineering, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Plastics Engineering, Program in Manufacturing and Integrated Microsystems. University of California--San Diego (Jacobs) La Jolla, CA The University of California, San Diego (also UCSD) is a public research university in San Diego, California. In 2007, UC San Diego became the first university in the western region to top $1 billion in its fundraising campaign. To date, more than $1.01 billion dollars in private support has been designated to the university. The Jacobs School of Engineering offers the following programs leading to a Master's of Science (M.S.) or Master's of Engineering (M.Eng.) in Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NanoEngineering, Structural Engineering and Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Applied Ocean Sciences, Applied Optics and Photonics, Communication Theory and Systems, Computer Engineering, Electronic Circuits and Systems, Electronic Devices and Materials, Intelligent Systems, Robotics and Control, Signal and Image Processing. University of Texas--Austin (Cockrell) Austin, TX The University of Texas at Austin (also referred to as the University of Texas, UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university located in Austin, Texas. The Cockrell School of Engineering is ranked 6th in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 11th by U.S. News Report. The Cockrell School of Engineering at UT Austin offers Masters programs in Engineering in Aerospace Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Energy & Mineral Resources, Engineering Management, Engineering Mechanics, Environmental & Water Resources, Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Operations Research and in Petroleum Engineering. It also offers Doctoral programs in Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Operations Research and in Petroleum Engineering. Texas A&M University--College Station (Look) College Station, TX Texas A&M University, often called A&M or TAMU, is a public research university located in College Station, Texas. The Dwight Look College of Engineering is 12th nationally for the number of doctoral degrees granted. The Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M Engineering offers graduate programs in Computer Engineering, Safety Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Ocean Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Distribution, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Health Physics, Nuclear Engineering and Petroleum Engineering. University of California--Los Angeles (Samueli) Los Angeles, CA The University of California, Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. The Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science is credited as the birthplace of the Internet, where the first message was sent to a computer at Stanford on October 29, 1969 by Professor Leonard Kleinrock and his research team at UCLA. UCLA’s Henry Samuel School of Engineering and Applied Science offers programs in Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering and Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. The school also offers an Online Masters of Science program in Engineering. Purdue University--West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN Purdue University is located in West Lafayette, Indiana. The Purdue University College of Engineering was one of the first universities that specialized in aerospace engineering. Purdue's engineering program has also educated 22 of America’s astronauts from its School of Aeronautics and Astronautics' engineering program, including Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan who were the first and last astronauts to have walked on the moon. The programs of graduate study that are administered at Purdue University are in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management, Engineering Education, Engineering Professional Education, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Nuclear Engineering. University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI The University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison, Madison, or Wisconsin) is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin. The UW is categorized as an RU/VH Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. In 2007, it had research expenditures of $913 million, making it the third largest in science and engineering and the largest in non-science expenditures in the nation. The University of Wisconsin - Madison, offers MS and Phd Programs in Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Mechanics, Environmental Chemistry & Technology, Geological Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Limnology & Marine Science, Materials Engineering, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics. University of Maryland-College Park, MD The University of Maryland, College Park (UMD or simply Maryland) is a public research university located in the city of College Park, Maryland outside Washington, D.C. The A. James Clark School of Engineering is nationally ranked and consistently considered to have one of the top 20 Engineering programs in the country. The Princeton Review’s 2007 rankings placed the Clark school at 6th in the nation. The 2007 U.S. News and World Report placed the Clark School at 10th in the nation among public engineering schools and 16th among all engineering schools. The Clark School of Engineering offers students the chance to participate in graduate study in the following areas - Aerospace Engineering, Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Fire Protection Engineering, Master's Program in Telecommunications, Master of Engineering and Public Policy, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, Professional Master of Engineering, Project Management, Reliability Engineering, Systems Engineering. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. The School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) offers programs of graduate study and research in each of its departments: chemical engineering, civil and environmental engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical and aerospace engineering, and operations research and financial engineering. University of California-Santa Barbara, CA The University of California, Santa Barbara, commonly known as UCSB or UC Santa Barbara, is a public research university in Santa Barbara, California. UC Santa Barbara is a "very high activity" research university and spent $191.2 million on research expenditures. The College of Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, offers graduate degrees (M.S. and Ph.D.) in the following areas - Chemical Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials & Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University (McCormick) Evanston, IL Northwestern University (NU) is a private research university located in Evanston, Illinois. The Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science is one of schools at Northwestern University. In October 2005, a new state-of-the-art facility named the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center opened, giving students opportunities for learning about design and teamwork. The Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at the Northwestern University is divided into eight departments, each of which offer masters and PhD Programs. The departments are Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering & Mechanical Engineering. Columbia University (Fu Foundation) New York, NY Columbia University is a private university in New York and a member of the Ivy League. The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (popularly known as SEAS) is a school of Columbia University which awards degrees in engineering, applied physics and applied mathematics. The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) is offering graduate programs in an expanding host of fields: from financial engineering to corrosion control, and nanotechnology to biomedical engineering and also includes Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Earth and Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research and Mechanical Engineering. Harvard University Cambridge, MA Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League. The School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) offers doctoral and master’s degree programs that lie at the interfaces of engineering, the applied sciences (from biology to physics), and technology. Particular areas of academic focus include applied mathematics, applied physics, bioengineering, computer science, electrical engineering, environmental sciences and engineering, mechanical engineering, and engineering and physical biology. Pennsylvania State University- University Park, PA The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a public research university located in State College, Pennsylvania. The Penn State offers graduate programs in Acoustics, Computational Science, Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Science and Mechanics, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and Quality & Manufacturing Management. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public research university in Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida, College of Engineering, offers graduate programs in 11 Engineering disciplines including Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil & Coastal Engineering, Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Environmental Engineering Sciences, Industrial Systems Engineering, Materials Science Engineering, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nuclear & Radiological Engineering. University of Minnesota--Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university located in Minneapolis. Apart from offering Dual and Integrated Degree Programs, The University of Minnesota, Institute of Technology offers graduate programs in Aerospace engineering and mechanics, Astrophysics, Biomedical engineering, Biosystems and agricultural engineering, Chemical engineering and materials science and engineering, Chemical physics, Chemistry, Civil engineering, Computer science, Control science and dynamical systems, Electrical engineering, Geological engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Industrial engineering, Infrastructure systems engineering, Management of technology, Mathematics, Mechanical engineering, Physics, Scientific computation and Software engineering.

Top 10 Biggest Oil Companies in the World 2012

Much technological advancement would not have been possible if there would have been no oil companies in the world. These corporations have benefited human kind in various fields including energy production, trading and marketing. Here we will discuss about few companies which have emerged as the top ten biggest oil companies in the world according to the oil production capacity per day. List of Top 10 Biggest Oil Companies 2012 Rank Company Oil Production (barrels/day) 1 Saudi Aramco 12.5 million 2 Gazprom 9.7 million 3 National Iranian Oil Co. 6.4 million 4 ExxonMobil 5.3 million 5 PetroChina 4.4 million 6 British Petroleum 4.1 million 7 Royal Dutch Shell 3.9 million 8 Pemex 3.6 million 9 Chevron 3.5 million 10 Kuwait Petroleum Corp. 3.2 million Top Ten Biggest Oil Companies in the World Find out more about the top ten biggest oil production companies in the world. The companies contributes to the major part of the world’s total oil production. 1. Saudi Aramco saudi aramcoOfficially known as Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Saudi Aramco is a national oil company of Saudi Arabia and is the biggest oil company in the world with the largest proven crude oil reserves and the largest daily oil production. Causing more than $1billion a day in revenue the company’s daily production is 12.5 million barrels. 2. Gazpron gazpromThe largest natural gas company in Russia, Gazpron has earned the second position in the world ranking of top ten biggest oil companies in the world. Established in 1989 with it’s headquarter in the Cheryomushki district, Moscow, the company produces 9.7 million barrels in a day making a profit of more than $40 million a year. 3. National Iranian Oil Co. national iranian oil coThe National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC) is an oil and natural gas producer and distributor with it’s headquartering in Tehran. The government owned corporation was set up in 1948 and currently is known to produce 6.4 million barrels in a day. 4. ExxonMobil exxonmobilA direct descendent of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, ExxonMobil is an American multinational oil and gas corporation with an ability to produce 5.3 million barrels each day. One among the group of top ten biggest oil companies in the world, it has an annual profit of $40 billion and $400 billion sales. 5. PetroChina petrochinaChina’s biggest oil producer, PetroChina is the listed arm of state owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). Traded in Hong Kong and New York, it has a daily output of 4.4 million barrels. 6. British Petroleum (BP) british petroleumWith headquarter in London, BP or British Petroleum is a British oil and gas multinational company. Generating 4.1 million barrels on a daily basis it operates exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. 7. Royal Dutch Shell royal dutch shellCommonly known as Shell, Royal Dutch Shell is a Dutch-British multinational company dealing with oil and gas. It operates in around 90 countries and generates 3.9 million barrels daily which is why it has a place in the list of top ten biggest companies in the world. 8. Pemex pemexPetróleos Mexicanos or simply Pemex is a Mexican state owned petroleum corporation who has a total asset worth of $415.75 billion from its every day production of 3.6 million barrels of petroleum. 9. Chevron chevronAn American multinational energy corporation, Chevron actively operates in 180 countries in every aspect of oil, gas and geothermal energy industry. With 3.5 million barrels per day production it is the ninth biggest oil company in the world. 10. Kuwait Petroleum Corporation petroleum corporationFounded on 27th January, 1980, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation is a national oil company from Kuwait. The company’s product has been sold in some countries under a subsidiary’s name Q8 and has a daily production of 3.2 million barrels.

Top 10 insurance Companies in the World 2012

1. American International Group (AIG): American International Group, Inc. (AIG), a world leader in insurance and financial services, is the leading international insurance organization with operations in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions. AIG’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, as well as the stock exchanges in Paris and Tokyo. 2. AXA Group: 20 years ago there was no existence of AXA group but it is one of the leading insurance companies of the world. They are the second largest insurance company I the world market. Today AXA is present in geographically diverse markets, with operations concentrated in Europe, North America and Asia Pacific. 3. Allianz Worldwide: The Allianz Group is one of the leading integrated financial services providers worldwide. This company is working all over the world with 155000 workers. They are the leader of German market and the big customer of international market. 4. Manulife Financial: It is a Canadian insurance company. This company provides the services like individual life insurance, group life and health insurance, long-term care services, pension products, annuities, mutual funds and banking products. Manulife Financial is working in 22 countries with millions of Clients. 5. Generali Group: It is an Italian company. The Generali Group is one of the most significant participants in the global insurance and financial products market. They also make huge clients in the European market. Not only that they also capture the insurance market of Far East, China and India. 6. Prudential Financial: This is an American company. They provide their service mainly in North America, South America and in Europe. The company has 50 million individual active customers. 7. MetLife: It is also the insurance company of USA. MetLife, Inc. is a leading provider of insurance and other financial services to millions of individual and institutional customers throughout the United States. They also provide their services in the Asia Pacific, Latin America and Europe. 8. Aviva: It is the insurance company of United Kingdom. Aviva is one of the leading providers of life and pension products in Europe and are actively growing our long-term savings businesses in Asia Pacific and the USA. 9. Munich Re Group: It is a German based insurance company. Its business covers the whole value chain in insurance and reinsurance. It is a leading company in insurance arena. 10. AEGON: It is the insurance company of Netherlands. The company has major operations in the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom as well as other businesses in Asia, the Americas and elsewhere in Europe. AEGON is listed on the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, London, New York and Tokyo

voyager nasa

The Voyager mission was officially approved in May 1972. Through the dedicated efforts of many skilled personnel for over three decades, the Voyagers have returned knowledge about the outer planets that had not existed in all of the preceding history of astronomy and planetary science. The Voyager spacecrafts are still performing like champs. It must come as no surprise that there are many remarkable, "gee-whiz" facts associated with the various aspects of the Voyager mission. These tidbits have been summarized below in appropriate categories. Several may seem difficult to believe, but they are all true and accurate. Overall Mission The total cost of the Voyager mission from May 1972 through the Neptune encounter (including launch vehicles, radioactive power source (RTGs), and DSN tracking support) is 865 million dollars. At first, this may sound very expensive, but the fantastic returns are a bargain when we place the costs in the proper perspective. It is important to realize that: on a per-capita basis, this is only 8 cents per U.S. resident per year, or roughly half the cost of one candy bar each year since project inception. the entire cost of Voyager is a fraction of the daily interest on the U.S. national debt. A total of 11,000 workyears was devoted to the Voyager project through the Neptune encounter. This is equivalent to one-third the amount of effort estimated to complete the great pyramid at Giza to King Cheops. A total of five trillion bits of scientific data had been returned to Earth by both Voyager spacecraft at the completion of the Neptune encounter. This represents enough bits to fill more than seven thousand music CDs. The sensitivity of our deep-space tracking antennas located around the world is truly amazing. The antennas must capture Voyager information from a signal so weak that the power striking the antenna is only 10 exponent -16 watts (1 part in 10 quadrillion). A modern-day electronic digital watch operates at a power level 20 billion times greater than this feeble level. Voyager Spacecraft Each Voyager spacecraft comprises 65,000 individual parts. Many of these parts have a large number of "equivalent" smaller parts such as transistors. One computer memory alone contains over one million equivalent electronic parts, with each spacecraft containing some five million equivalent parts. Since a color TV set contains about 2500 equivalent parts, each Voyager has the equivalent electronic circuit complexity of some 2000 color TV sets. Like the HAL computer aboard the ship Discovery from the famous science fiction story 2001: A Space Odyssey, each Voyager is equipped with computer programming for autonomous fault protection. The Voyager system is one of the most sophisticated ever designed for a deep-space probe. There are seven top-level fault protection routines, each capable of covering a multitude of possible failures. The spacecraft can place itself in a safe state in a matter of only seconds or minutes, an ability that is critical for its survival when round-trip communication times for Earth stretch to several hours as the spacecraft journeys to the remote outer solar system. Both Voyagers were specifically designed and protected to withstand the large radiation dosage during the Jupiter swing-by. This was accomplished by selecting radiation-hardened parts and by shielding very sensitive parts. An unprotected human passenger riding aboard Voyager 1 during its Jupiter encounter would have received a radiation dose equal to one thousand times the lethal level. The Voyager spacecraft can point its scientific instruments on the scan platform to an accuracy of better than one-tenth of a degree. This is comparable to bowling strike-after-strike ad infinitum, assuming that you must hit within one inch of the strike pocket every time. Such precision is necessary to properly center the narrow-angle picture whose square field-of-view would be equivalent to the width of a bowling pin. To avoid smearing in Voyager's television pictures, spacecraft angular rates must be extremely small to hold the cameras as steady as possible during the exposure time. Each spacecraft is so steady that angular rates are typically 15 times slower than the motion of a clock's hour hand. But even this was not steady enough at Neptune, where light levels are 900 times fainter than those on Earth. Spacecraft engineers devised ways to make Voyager 30 times steadier than the hour hand on a clock. The electronics and heaters aboard each nearly one-ton Voyager spacecraft can operate on only 400 watts of power, or roughly one-fourth that used by an average residential home in the western United States. A set of small thrusters provides Voyager with the capability for attitude control and trajectory correction. Each of these tiny assemblies has a thrust of only three ounces. In the absence of friction, on a level road, it would take nearly six hours to accelerate a large car up to a speed of 48 km/h (30 mph) using one of the thrusters. The Voyager scan platform can be moved about two axes of rotation. A thumb-sized motor in the gear train drive assembly (which turns 9000 revolutions for each single revolution of the scan platform) will have rotated five million revolutions from launch through the Neptune encounter. This is equivalent to the number of automobile crankshaft revolutions during a trip of 2725 km (1700 mi), about the distance from Boston,MA to Dallas,TX. The Voyager gyroscopes can detect spacecraft angular motion as little as one ten-thousandth of a degree. The Sun's apparent motion in our sky moves over 40 times that amount in just one second. The tape recorder aboard each Voyager has been designed to record and playback a great deal of scientific data. The tape head should not begin to wear out until the tape has been moved back and forth through a distance comparable to that across the United States. Imagine playing a two-hour video cassette on your home VCR once a day for the next 33 years, without a failure. The Voyager magnetometers are mounted on a frail, spindly, fiberglass boom that was unfurled from a two-foot-long can shortly after the spacecraft left Earth. After the boom telescoped and rotated out of the cannister to an extension of nearly 13 meters (43 feet), the orientations of the magnetometer sensors were controlled to an accuracy better than two degrees. Navigation Each Voyager used the enormous gravity field of Jupiter to be hurled on to Saturn, experiencing a Sun-relative speed increase of roughly 35,700 mph. As total energy within the solar system must be conserved, Jupiter was initially slowed in its solar orbit---but by only one foot per trillion years. Additional gravity-assist swing-bys of Saturn and Uranus were necessary for Voyager 2 to complete its Grand Tour flight to Neptune, reducing the trip time by nearly twenty years when compared to the unassisted Earth-to-Neptune route. The Voyager delivery accuracy at Neptune of 100 km (62 mi), divided by the trip distance or arc length traveled of 7,128,603,456 km (4,429,508,700 mi), is equivalent to the feat of sinking a 3630 km (2260 mi) golf putt, assuming that the golfer can make a few illegal fine adjustments while the ball is rolling across this incredibly long green. Voyager's fuel efficiency (in terms of mpg) is quite impressive. Even though most of the launch vehicle's 700 ton weight is due to rocket fuel, Voyager 2's great travel distance of 7.1 billion km (4.4 billion mi) from launch to Neptune resultsed in a fuel economy of about 13,000 km per liter (30,000 mi per gallon). As Voyager 2 streaked by Neptune and coaseds out of the solar system, this fuel economy just got better and better! Science The resolution of the Voyager narrow-angle television cameras is sharp enough to read a newspaper headline at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi). Pele, the largest of the volcanoes seen on Jupiter's moon Io, is throwing sulfur and sulfur-dioxide products to heights 30 times that of Mount Everest, and the fallout zone covers an area the size of France. The eruption of Mount St. Helens was but a tiny hiccup in comparison (admittedly, Io's surface-level gravity is some six times weaker than that of Earth). The smooth water-ice surface of Jupiter's moon Europa may hide an ocean beneath, but some scientists believe any past oceans have turned to slush or ice. In 2010: Odyssey Two, Arthur C. Clarke wraps his story around the possibility of life developing within the oceans of Europa. The rings of Saturn appeared to the Voyagers as a dazzling necklace of 10,000 strands. Trillions of ice particles and car-sized bergs race along each of the million-kilometer-long tracks, with the traffic flow orchestrated by the combined gravitational tugs of Saturn, a retinue of moons and moonlets, and even nearby ring particles. The rings of Saturn are so thin in proportion to their 171,000 km (106,000 mi) width that, if a full-scale model were to be built with the thickness of a phonograph record the model would have to measure four miles from its inner edge to its outer rim. An intricate tapestry of ring-particle patterns is created by many complex dynamic interactions that have spawned new theories of wave and particle motion. Saturn's largest moon Titan was seen as a strange world with its dense atmosphere and variety of hydrocarbons that slowly fall upon seas of ethane and methane. To some scientists, Titan, with its principally nitrogen atmosphere, seemed like a small Earth whose evolution had long ago been halted by the arrival of its ice age, perhaps deep-freezing a few organic relics beneath its present surface. The rings of Uranus are so dark that Voyager's challenge of taking their picture was comparable to the task of photographing a pile of charcoal briquettes at the foot of a Christmas tree, illuminated only by a 1 watt bulb at the top of the tree, using ASA-64 film. And Neptune light levels will be less than half those at Uranus.

what is the tablet @ Did you know using a tablet PC for too long can affect your health?

The tablet computer has made enormous strides in the last few years. Thanks to popular tablets like the iPad*, the thin, touchscreen-operated computers have become the weapon of choice for many computer users as they offer a great experience when browsing the web or using one of thousands of specialized apps. Tablets vary by their power and operating systems. Processors like the Intel® Atom™ provide considerable power for the current generation of tablets, and some tablets have dual core processors, including the Motorola Xoom* and Asus Eee Transformer*. Tablet operating systems. Most tablets use a special operating system designed to make the most of a touch interface, this gives the tablet the cool interactive feel that makes them fun and useful. A good operating system is an important part of a great tablet computer. Popular tablet operating systems include the Honeycomb* version of Google Android*, mobile versions of Windows 7* and XP*, and Apple's iPad OS*. All of these operating systems have distinct advantages and disadvantages and all feature proprietary app stores which expand the capabilities of tablets. Apps include everything from games to specialized word processors and even instruments. Generally, apps make use of a tablet's touchscreen to deliver an experience that a user couldn't get from a typical computer. A touchscreen is a very intuitive control system, so tablet manufacturers try to deliver the most easily accessible operating systems and apps possible to make sure that tablets offer a different experience from what a user would get from a laptop or netbook. Keyboards and docks. Nevertheless, there are quite a few situations in which a tablet can benefit from the addition of a keyboard or keyboard-equipped docking station. While it's possible to type on the face of a tablet, an attached keyboard can make this process much easier. Tablets like the Asus Eee Transformer have optional docking stations with built in keyboards which cost extra, but can basically turn a tablet into a full-featured netbook. Apple also sells an optional keyboard for use with its iPad. Cameras. Most of the current generation tablets also have forward and rear-facing cameras. These cameras are meant to make it easy to use video-conferencing apps and to take a quick high-res photo. It's another way that tablets differ from traditional computers. Since they're flat and portable, an included camera can be a great feature. Newer tablets have serious power and numerous apps to take advantage of that power. They're an ideal way to browse the web, read an eBook, or to play games. Tablets are a casual type of computer, although they do have professional applications (especially for doctors and lawyers). They can be extremely engaging and useful, especially as prices drop below the $400 mark and the list of features provided by modern tablets continues to grow. Did you know using a tablet PC for too long can affect your health? Submitted by indo_writer on February 08th, 2013 – Flag this news as inappropriate Category: Personal Work and play using a tablet PC is very pleasant indeed. Naturally, the evolution of the computer presents many exciting features that are very useful for this lifetime. Exciting variety of applications, ranging from games, communication, and so the more attractive the facility touch screen / touch screen. Did you know using a tablet PC for too long can affect your health?. Yup, because if the position of the tablet PC when used incorrectly, the back of the neck can be painful. One wrong habits in using tablet PC is to lap. Harvard School of Public Health has been conducting research with advanced tools system to track how the different position of the tablet PC can affect health. They asked 15 people using a tablet PC with a wide angle. Each volunteer was asked to respond to emails, playing games, browsing the internet, and so during the study. The results of these studies find that working with a tablet PC lap or placed on a flat table to make the neck bend more than usual when using a desktop computer or a notebook. Here are some of my tips that might make your neck are not strained when using a tablet PC: 1. Place the tablet PC on the table. 2. Use case could offer the perspective that lets tablet PC is stored in a variety of either portrait or landscape mode so it is convenient for you. 3. Always change your position as your hand, your body weight, or if you can stand to do a bit of a stretch when using the tablet PC. 4. Break every 15 minutes. Ok, keep using your tablet PC and stay healthy!

Definitions of Emarketing vs Internet vs Digital marketing

I’ve been asked this question a lot across the years… does the difference in scope between these terms matter? I always answer, no it doesn’t really matter, but the scope of responsibility is important to make the most of managing the opportunities. So the scope of Emarketing activities does need to be agreed within a business or between a company and its agencies. The books I’ve written have actually had three different titles, updated with the times. I started with Internet Marketing, then Emarketing and in 2012 renamed the original Internet Marketing book to Digital Marketing, about time too! marketing definition E-marketing can be considered to be equivalent to Internet marketing and Digital Marketing. Most in the industry would look at it this way. However, E-marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope than Internet marketing since it refers to digital media such as web, e-mail and wireless media, but also includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management systems (E-CRM systems). Digital marketing definition Digital marketing is yet another term similar to E-marketing. It’s a term increasingly used by specialist digital marketing agencies and the new media trade publications. The Institute of Direct Marketing has also adopted the term to refer to its specialist professional qualifications. To help explain the scope and approaches used for digital marketing working with the IDM in 2005 I developed a more detailed definition than the simple one at the start of this post to better scope it and show how digital marketing needs to be closely aligned to broader marketing objectives and activities: “Digital marketing involves: Applying these technologies which form online channels to market, that’s Web, e-mail, databases, plus mobile/wireless & digital TV) To achieve these objectives: Support marketing activities aimed at achieving profitable acquisition and retention of customers… within a multi-channel buying process and customer lifecycle Through using these marketing tactics: Recognising the strategic importance of digital technologies and developing a planned approach to reach and migrate customers to online services through e-communications and traditional communications. Retention is achieved through improving our customer knowledge (of their profiles,behaviour, value and loyalty drivers), then delivering integrated, targeted communications and online services that match their individual needs”. The first part of the definition illustrates the range of access platforms and communications tools that form the online channels which e-marketers use to build and develop relationships with customers. The access platforms or hardware include PCs, mobile phones and interactive digital TV (IPTV) and these deliver content and enable interaction through different online communication tools such as organisation web sites, portals, search engines, blogs , e-mail, instant messaging and text messaging. Some also include traditional voice telephone as part of digital marketing. The second part of the description shows that it should not be the technology that drives digital marketing, but the business returns from gaining new customers and maintaining relationships with existing customers. It also emphasises how digital marketing does not occur in isolation, but is most effective when it is integrated with other communications channels such as phone, direct mail or face-to-face. As we have said, the role of the Internet in supporting multi-channel marketing is another recurring theme in this book and chapters 5 and 6 in particular explain its role in supporting different customer communications channels and distribution channels. Online channels should also be used to support the whole buying process from pre-sale to sale to post-sale and further development of customer relationships. Multi-channel marketing Customer communications and product distribution are supported by a combination of digital and traditional channels at different points in the buying cycle The final part of the description summarises approaches to customer-centric e-marketing. It shows how success online requires a planned approach to migrate existing customers to online channels and acquire new customers by selecting the appropriate mix of e-communications and traditional communications. Retention of online customers needs to be based on developing customer insight by researching their characteristics, behaviour, what they value, what keeps them loyal and then delivering tailored, relevant web and e-mail communications. Customer insight definition Knowledge about customers needs, characteristics, preferences and behaviours based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. Specific insights can be used to inform marketing tactics directed at groups of customers with shared characteristics

home alarm system @ insurance companies typically

Did you know that if you have a home alarm system you may get a discount on your home insurance rate? Yes it’s true. Most insurance companies typically offer a discount on your home insurance rates, if you install a home monitored alarm system. To confirm if this is option is available to you, speak with your insurance professional.

Did you know 5

Did you know pop corn was invented by the Aztec Indians Did you know an average person will spend 25 years asleep Did you know hippopotamuses have killed more people in Africa than any other animal Did you know an elephants ears are used to regulate body temperature Did you know the Arctic Ocean is the smallest in the world Did you know bats always turn left when exiting a cave Did you know the most common mental illnesses are anxiety and depression Did you know the word laser stands for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation' Did you know crocodiles never outgrow their enclosure Did you know reindeer hair is hollow inside like a tube Did you know your skin is the largest organ making up the human body Did you know cows don't have upper front teeth Did you know everyday is a holiday somewhere in the world Did you know the coins thrown into the Trevi fountain in Italy are collected for charity Did you know french fries are originally from Belgium Did you know enamel is the hardest substance in your body Did you know there are 31,557,600 seconds in a year Did you know there are 22 stars in the Paramount studios logo Did you know in a deck of cards the king of harts is the only king without a moustache Did you know black on yellow are the 2 colors with the strongest impact

The Woman’s loyalty to her Horse

She spent three hours holding its head above the tide after it got stuck in the mud on a beach in Australia.A horse gets stuck up to his neck in mud on a beach as the tide rises. His owner, Nicole Graham, who was enjoying an afternoon ride, stayed with him as rescuers struggled for three hours to pull him out. With moments to spare, the 500kg horse, named Astro, was freed with the help of a tractor and harness at Avalon Beach in Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Pics by Peter Ristevsk

E5 Series Bullet Train, Japan

Though the train could run up to speeds of 400kmph during test runs, its top speed was fixed to 320kmph for passenger and environmental comfort. We Need Your Support please Hit 1+ everyone to make it Hot post as you know our page is facing some troubles and G+ team doing thing.

World First UnderWater Car

The sQuba, developed by Swiss company Rinspeed, is the world's first car that can be driven both on land and under water.. It can be submerged to a depth of 10 metres (33 ft), powered by twin electric-powered propellers supplemented by two Seabob water jets.r. The car's top land speed is 120 km/h in water 3 km/h.

200,000 Freestanding Playing Cards! Amazing!!!

Bryan Berg broke his own Guinness World Record for the largest house of freestanding playing cards at The Venetian® Macao. The buildings used more than 200,000 cards and took 45 days to complete.

Did you know 4

Did you know the safest car color is white Did you know the most commonly forgotten item for travelers is their toothbrush Did you know Coca Cola launched its 3rd product Sprite in 1961 Did you know apples are more effective at waking you up in the morning than coffee Did you know room temperature is defined as between 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F) Did you know an octopus pupil is rectangular Did you know the hyoid bone in your throat is the only bone in your body not attached to any other Did you know the Australian aircraft carrier QANTAS stands for Queensland And Northern Territories Aerial Service Did you know the movie Pulp Fiction cost $8 million to make with $5 million going towards actor's salaries Did you know there are only 4 words in the English language which end in 'dous' (they are: hazardous, horrendous, stupendous and tremendous) Did you know the oldest word in the English language is 'town' Did you know cats can't move their jaw sideways Did you know grapes explode when you put them in the microwave Did you know its physically impossible for pigs to look up at the sky Did you know your most sensitive finger is your index finger (closest to your thumb) Did you know 'Bookkeeper' and 'bookkeeping' are the only 2 words in the English language with three consecutive double letters Did you know Venetian blinds were invented in Japan Did you know the average golf ball has 336 dimples Did you know the word 'Strengths' is the longest word in the English language with just one vowel Did you know the movie 'Wayne's World' was filmed in two weeks

Did you know 3

Did you know it's possible to lead a cow up stairs but not down Did you know frogs can't swallow with their eyes open Did you know elephants are the only mammal that can't jump Did you know a 1/4 of your bones are in your feet Did you know your tongue is the fastest healing part of your body Did you know a 'jiffy' is actually 1/100th of a second Did you know on your birthday you share it with 9 million others Did you know 1 googol is the number 1 followed by 100 zeros Did you know a 1 minute kiss burns 26 calories Did you know you burn more calories sleeping than watching TV Did you know frogs don’t drink (they absorb water through their skin) Did you know at birth dalmations are always white Did you know hummingbirds are the only bird that can fly backwards Did you know a duck can't walk without bobbing its head Did you know a hummingbird's heart beats at over a 1,000 times a minute Did you know dragonflies have 6 legs but can't walk Did you know a crocodile can't move its tongue Did you know a strawberry is the only fruit which seeds grow on the outside Did you know that the first MTV video played was 'Video killed the radio star' by the Buggles Did you know in 1878 the first telephone book made contained only 50 names

Did you know 2

Did you know the most commonly used letter in the alphabet is E Did you know the least used letter in the alphabet is Q Did you know the 3 most common languages in the world are Mandarin Chinese, Spanish and English Did you know dreamt is the only word that ends in mt Did you know the names of all continents both start and end with the same letter Did you know the first letters of the months July through to November spell JASON Did you know if you try to say the alphabet without moving your lips or tongue every letter will sound the same Did you know a cat has 32 muscles in each ear Did you know Perth is Australia's windiest city Did you know Elvis's middle name was Aron Did you know the flag for Libya is unlike any other being a solid green color Did you know goldfish can see both infrared and ultraviolet light Did you know the smallest bones in the human body are found in your ear Did you know cats spend 66% of their life asleep Did you know Switzerland eats the most chocolate equating to 10 kilos per person per year Did you know money is the number one thing that couples argue about Did you know macadamia nuts are toxic to dogs Did you know when lightning strikes it can reach up to 30,000 degrees celsius (54,000 degrees fahrenheit) Did you know spiders are arachnids and not insects Did you know each time you see a full moon you always see the same side

Did you know

Over 1,025 Did you know facts!! Did you know 11% of people are left handed Did you know August has the highest percentage of births Did you know unless food is mixed with saliva you can't taste it Did you know the average person falls asleep in 7 minutes Did you know a bear has 42 teeth Did you know an ostrich's eye is bigger than it's brain Did you know most lipsticks contain fish scales Did you know no two corn flakes look the same Did you know lemons contain more sugar than strawberries Did you know 8% of people have an extra rib Did you know 85% of plant life is found in the ocean Did you know Ralph Lauren's original name was Ralph Lifshitz Did you know rabbits like licorice Did you know the Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters Did you know 'Topolino' is the name for Mickey Mouse Italy Did you know a lobsters blood is colorless but when exposed to oxygen it turns blue Did you know armadillos have 4 babies at a time and are all the same sex Did you know reindeer like bananas Did you know the longest recorded flight of a chicken was 13 seconds Did you know birds need gravity to swallow

Quelle sera la prochaine grande épidémie ?

AVIS D'EXPERT - L'analyse du Dr Jean-Claude Manuguerra, responsable de la cellule d'intervention biologique d'urgence à l'Institut Pasteur et président du comité de pilotage du réseau mondial d'alerte et d'action en cas d'épidémie. Les maladies infectieuses ont continuellement accompagné notre espèce. En particulier, de nombreuses épidémies ont influencé, et parfois même modelé de façon très importante, la dynamique évolutive des populations humaines au cours des millénaires. On peut citer ici les cinquante millions de morts liés à la pandémie de grippe espagnole de 1918-1919 et les épouvantables épidémies de peste noire, qui détruisirent environ 25 % de la population française au XIVe siècle. La rougeole et le paludisme tuent encore plusieurs millions d'enfants chaque année. Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, d'extraordinaires efforts ont été accomplis pour lutter contre les agents infectieux, avec un succès spectaculaire dans les pays occidentaux. Le développement des conditions d'hygiène, les vaccinations, la large utilisation des insecticides, puis des antibiotiques conduisirent à une diminution phénoménale de la part des maladies infectieuses dans la morbidité et la mortalité. Dans les années 1950-1960, l'opinion largement répandue dans les pays occidentaux était que les maladies infectieuses allaient être mieux maîtrisées et ne représentaient plus la première priorité. Le succès de l'éradication de la variole, en 1977, renforça cette idée. Résistance Depuis, la situation s'est retournée. De nombreuses nouvelles maladies infectieuses sont apparues (le sida dû aux virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, ou VIH, la fièvre d'Ebola…), d'autres ont ressurgi dans des régions d'où elles avaient été éradiquées ou maîtrisées (tuberculose, choléra…), enfin quelques-unes ont vu leur distribution géographique s'élargir de façon spectaculaire (West Nile…). Parallèlement à l'émergence réelle, on assiste à une aggravation de la résistance de nombreuses bactéries et parasites aux antimicrobiens. Afin d'appréhender ces tendances globales, Kate E. Jones et coll. (Nature, 2008) ont étudié 335 événements d'émergence de 1940 à 2004. De façon surprenante, les émergences virales ont été minoritaires puisqu'elles ne comptent que pour un quart d'entre elles. La prédominance des bactéries résulte de l'apparition de résistance aux antimicrobiens. C'est parmi les 84 événements d'émergence virale chez l'homme que l'on trouve les émergences vraies, c'est-à-dire l'apparition réellement nouvelle d'un pathogène dans notre espèce, dont la présence résulte en général d'une transmission interespèces. Sur ces 84 émergences, 11 correspondent à des virus à ADN (4 familles), 9 à des virus à intermédiaire ADN (familles des VIH et du virus de l'hépatite B) et 64 à des virus à ARN (13 familles). Le nombre d'événements d'émergence ne reflète pas nécessairement l'importance de celle-ci pour la santé publique. Ainsi, la famille des VIH se classe au cinquième rang avec 7 événements dont 2 majeurs correspondent à l'émergence des VIH-1 et -2. Quant aux familles des virus de la fièvre jaune et du chikungunya, qui regroupent essentiellement des virus transmis par des arthropodes, elles ont produit 38 événements viraux, soit une petite moitié. Déforestation L'analyse des facteurs non virologiques fait ressortir que 11 catégories de facteurs majeurs sont associées à 82 % des émergences virales chez l'homme. Au premier rang, on trouve les changements dans l'usage des terres (la déforestation, par exemple) avec près d'un quart des événements. Ensuite, ce sont les changements dans l'industrie agroalimentaire (13 %), puis les voyages, les échanges internationaux (11 %), les changements dans les industries de la santé (10 %) et le changement de sensibilité de l'homme à l'infection (10 %). La plasticité génétique virale est déterminante pour le passage d'une espèce animale à une autre et à l'homme en particulier. Par leur taux intrinsèque de mutation élevé, les virus à ARN sont prompts à générer une descendance hétérogène génétiquement. Leur existence permet au virus, soit avant le passage d'une espèce à l'autre, soit après ce passage, de disposer d'une diversité de possibilités de caractères qui peut être utile au cours d'un changement d'environnement. La sélection de mutants permet au virus de continuer son adaptation à son nouvel hôte et d'y accroître sa «vitalité». C'est ainsi que les virus deviennent plus «compétitifs», notamment dans leur transmission interhumaine. En dehors des mutations, les échanges de portion ou de gènes entiers sont aussi de puissants moteurs de variations génétiques. Les agents qui peuvent infecter plus d'une espèce sont omniprésents. Près de 61 % des pathogènes humains sont des agents de zoonoses, dont près de 72 % sont liées à la faune sauvage. Les émergences sont le résultat d'un ensemble complexe de facteurs mêlés et situés à de multiples échelons: du niveau moléculaire à celui des modifications écologiques et sociétales. Les émergences vraies sont les plus à craindre. Peut-on donc dresser un portrait-robot du prochain pathogène émergent capable de créer la prochaine grande épidémie au XXIe siècle? Partant des constats énoncés ci-avant, il pourrait s'agir d'un virus à ARN, doué d'une grande plasticité génétique et contagieux à transmission respiratoire, d'origine zoonotique et qui aurait accompli son passage vers l'homme plusieurs fois avec un seul succès dans une région où se sont produits de grands changements dans l'utilisation des terres, puis il aurait été initialement amplifié chez l'homme à l'insu des autorités sanitaires au sein d'une mégalopole. Qui vivra verra!

Le laboratoire de Berkeley LBNL optimise la dégradation de la cellulose pour la production de biocarburants

Le développement des biocarburants représente un enjeu important pour les Etats-Unis tant au niveau économique qu'environnemental, comme nous l'évoquions dans de précédents communiqués cette année [1,2]. Le laboratoire de Berkeley (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - LBNL), situé près de San Francisco en Californie, oeuvre activement pour le développement et l'optimisation des procédés de fabrication des biocarburants avec un budget annuel total de plus de 800 millions de dollars. Le LBNL a récemment réalisé trois projets de recherche relatifs à la dégradation de la biomasse - optimisation des cocktails enzymatiques, analyses par spectrométrie de masse, mise en oeuvre de micro-organismes spécifiques à l'exemple de Sulfolobos - afin d'améliorer la rentabilité des procédés de production des biocarburants. 1. Optimiser les solutions enzymatiques pour dégrader la biomasse [3] L'utilisation d'enzymes capables de dégrader efficacement la cellulose est un élément important pour l'optimisation de la conversion de la biomasse en sucres, qui seront ensuite transformés en biocarburant. La connaissance précise des caractéristiques de ces enzymes (spécificité et activité) permettrait d'utiliser au maximum leur potentiel de transformation. Les chercheurs de l'Institut de Bioénergie (Joint BioEnergy Institute), sous tutelle du LBNL, ont développé un système - basé sur la spectrométrie - afin de sélectionner de nouvelles hydrolases et de nouveaux cocktails enzymatiques. Ce système consiste à augmenter l'efficacité et la rapidité des analyses des enzymes cellulases grâce à l'utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse. Les spectres obtenus vont être comparés à une base de données spectrales, qui a été constituée, afin de déterminer les caractéristiques des enzymes, ainsi que les enzymes les plus adéquates pour dégrader la cellulose. L'intégration de cette technologie à l'impression acoustique permet un débit extrêmement élevé d'obtention et d'analyse des spectres (trois minutes pour visualiser 384 spectres de plaques différentes). Dans le cas de l'étude des hydrolases, si l'hydrolyse observée est incomplète, des enzymes peuvent être ajoutées à la solution en cours d'analyse en vue d'obtenir une hydrolyse complète et une conversion maximale de la biomasse en sucres. Un autre composant cellulaire qui joue un rôle majeur dans l'aptitude à la dégradation de la biomasse en sucres, et par conséquent le rendement dans la fabrication de biocarburants, est la lignine. Ce composé complexe à dégrader fait l'objet de nombreuses études. 2. Améliorer la production d'enzymes capables de dégrader la lignine [4] L'efficacité de la bioconversion industrielle dépend du taux de dégradation de la lignine. Les chercheurs du LBNL, en collaboration avec l'Institut de Biochimie et de Biotechnologie Durmishidze basé en Géorgie (Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Georgian Agrarian University), ont sélectionné une nouvelle souche de champignons macroscopiques de pourriture blanche (White-rot Fungi) qui serait capable de sécréter une quantité plus importante d'enzymes ligninolytiques - notamment de laccase et de peroxydase à manganèse - capables de dégrader la lignine, comparativement aux souches existantes de champignons de pourriture blanche. Les chercheurs ont mis au point une fermentation immergée dans un milieu nutritionnel optimisé afin de produire les enzymes laccase et peroxydase à manganèse. La culture est réalisée durant une période de 6 jours en culture discontinue. Les résultats ont montré que la production de laccase atteignait les 1.000U/ml et celle de peroxydase à manganèse, 18U/ml, ce qui représente un taux de production entre 2 à 50 fois supérieur aux techniques de production actuelles. Le coût estimé de la production de laccase serait inférieur de 10 à 60% par rapport aux prix actuels du marché. L'utilisation de ce procédé permettrait de diminuer les coûts de transformation et de production des biocarburants en diminuant le coût de production des enzymes capables de digérer la lignine. Par ailleurs, le processus permettrait soit la production d'enzymes isolées ou la production de complexes enzymatiques ligninolytiques. L'optimisation de la dégradation de la lignine est également un sujet traité par l'université du Texas A&M. Le professeur Joshua Yuan, phytopathologiste au centre de recherche Agrilife, a obtenu un financement, sur les deux prochaines années, pour réaliser un projet visant à développer un micro-organisme capable de dégrader entièrement la lignine. Selon Mr Yuan, si toute la lignine disponible était utilisée pour produire du biocarburant, cela permettrait de produire 3,8 milliards de litres de biocarburants supplémentaires par an. Le département américain de l'Energie (DOE) vient d'attribuer une subvention d'un montant de 2,4 millions de dollars pour la réalisation de ce projet. 3. La dégradation de la cellulose et l'utilisation du micro-organisme Sulfolobus [5] Les chercheurs Steven Yannone et Adam Barnebey, du LBNL, ont mis au point un procédé permettant au micro-organisme Sulfolobus solfataricus, micro-organisme unicellulaire extrêmophile du groupe des Archaea, de produire des enzymes résistantes aux pH bas (pH≈2) et aux fortes températures (>80°C) - conditions de transformation de la biomasse. Ces enzymes pourraient réaliser une dégradation plus efficace de la cellulose des parois végétales. Le micro-organisme, suite à plusieurs manipulations génétiques effectuées par les chercheurs, pourrait produire des quantités industrielles de ces nouvelles enzymes. Combiné au procédé de prétraitement de la cellulose par l'acide et la chaleur, ces enzymes pourraient accélérer le processus de dégradation de la cellulose, diminuer le temps et l'énergie nécessaires, et accroître l'efficacité et la rentabilité de la production des biocarburants. Les composés - cellulose et lignine - contenus dans les parois cellulaires des plantes représentent une barrière importante pour la production de biocarburants. De nombreux laboratoires et centres de recherche travaillent à l'amélioration du procédé de dégradation qui permet d'obtenir des sucres transformables en biocarburants. Les liaisons cellulaires entre ces sucres semblaient être bien connues des chercheurs jusqu'à ce que les chercheurs de l'université de Géorgie découvrent une liaison entre des hémicelluloses et des polysaccharides pectiques couplés avec une protéine arabinogalactanique (AGPs), ce qui est nouveau par rapport aux connaissances actuelles sur les structures cellulaires des plantes. Li Tan, assistant chercheur au Centre de Recherche sur les Carbohydrates Complexes qui a mis en évidence ces nouvelles structures, et Debra Mohnen, directrice du laboratoire, vont poursuivre les recherches afin de confirmer leur hypothèse concernant la présence de cette structure qui, si cela se révèle exacte, permettrait de mieux comprendre et faciliter la dégradation des parois cellulaires des plantes pour la production de biocarburants. L'Etat américain, et les agences fédérales, investissent de façon conséquente dans les procédés de production des biocarburants : nouvelles sources de biomasse, procédés de transformation, ... En ce début d'année, déjà plus de 50 millions de dollars de subvention ont été attribuées à des universités (telles que Kansas State University ou Ohio State University), des laboratoires de recherche (tels que le Laboratoire National Pacific Northwest) ou des entreprises du secteur de la production de biocarburants (telles que Novozymes ou Lygos) [2]. Les axes de recherche concernent notamment la production des enzymes plus spécifiques, la diminution de leur coût de production ainsi que la détermination de leurs caractéristiques afin d'optimiser leur utilisation selon la source de biomasse. Ces travaux ont pour objectif d'optimiser la production des biocarburants et principalement, d'augmenter la rentabilité de production.